Which factor is critical in avoiding system instability in electric power systems?

Power angle management is critical in avoiding system instability in electric power systems because it plays a vital role in maintaining the balance between power generation and consumption. The power angle, also known as the rotor angle, refers to the angular difference between the voltage at the generator's terminals and the average voltage of the electric grid. This angle reflects the real-time relationship between the generation and load on the system.

When the power angle is within acceptable limits, the system can remain stable under various operating conditions. However, if the power angle increases beyond a critical threshold, it may lead to a loss of synchronism among generators, resulting in system instability and potentially severe outages. Effective management of the power angle ensures that the system operates within safe limits, facilitating a stable power flow and reducing the risk of cascading failures.

While proper transformer ratings, voltage regulation, and frequency stability are all important aspects of electrical system management, they do not specifically address the dynamic interactions and power flow between generators and loads in the same way that managing the power angle does. Thus, focusing on power angle management directly targets the fundamental aspects of electrical stability and inter-generator relationships, making it a crucial factor in maintaining an orderly and reliable electrical system.