What can lead to low voltage conditions on the Transmission and/or Distribution system?

Low voltage conditions on the Transmission and/or Distribution system can result from a shortage of reactive resources. Reactive power is essential for maintaining voltage levels within the electric power system. When there is not enough reactive power available, it can lead to a decrease in voltage levels because the system struggles to support the voltages required for efficient power delivery.

In many cases, reactive power helps to stabilize and regulate voltage by providing the necessary support for inductive loads, which are prevalent in the electric grid. A shortage in reactive resources means that the system may not be able to counteract the voltage drop that can occur under various conditions, particularly during peak demand or when there are significant changes in load or generation.

Other options present different scenarios: while an overload of transmission lines and increased customer demand can lead to various system stresses, they are not specific indicators for low voltage conditions. Excessive generation from renewable sources can also create challenges, but it does not directly cause low voltage; instead, it can lead to voltage regulation issues depending on how the system is managed and how much reactive support is present. Thus, a shortage of reactive resources is the clear and direct cause of low voltage conditions in the system.